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FIPV Spike Mutations Affecting Monocyte/Macrophage Tropism

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) causes a severe, immune-mediated disease called FIP in domestic and wild cats. It is unclear whether FIP transmits from cat to cat through the oral route of FIPV infection, and the reason for this includes that FIP is caused by oral inoculation with some FIPV strains (e.g., type II FIPV WSU 79-1146), but is not caused by other FIPV (e.g., type I FIPV KU-2 strain: FIPV-I KU-2). In this study, when cats passively immunized with anti-FIPV-I KU-2 antibodies were orally inoculated with FIPV-I KU-2, FIP was caused at a 50% probability, i.e., FIPV not causing FIP through oral infection caused FIP by inducing antibody-dependent enhancement. Many strains of type I FIPV do not cause FIP by inoculation through the oral route in cats. Based on the findings of this study, type I FIPV which orally infected cats may cause FIP depending on the condition.

Neutralization test

The test sera were serially 2-fold diluted in medium and mixed with an equal volume of a virus suspension containing approximately 200 TCID₅₀/100 µl and the mixtures were incubated at 37°C for 60 min. Each mixture was then inoculated into the Felis catus whole fetus-4 cells (kindly supplied by Dr. M. C. Horzinek of Utrecht University) in 96-well flat-bottomed plates, and incubation was made in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air at 37°C for 3 days. For each serum dilution, tests were duplicated. The neutralizing antibody titer (NT) was expressed as a reciprocal of the highest dilution of the test sera that inhibiting cytopathic effect completely.

 

We confirmed that FIP was caused in 50% when cats passively immunized with anti-FIPV-I KU-2 antibodies were inoculated orally with FIPV-I KU-2, i.e., FIPV not causing FIP through oral infection caused FIP by inducing ADE. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate that infection of FIPV-I KU-2 to feline macrophages was enhanced by anti-FIPV-I KU-2 IgG. This study may provide a platform for understanding the mechanism of ADE induced by oral viral infection.

• The above information is for reference only.
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We are a manufacturer and trader in China, with 12 years of experience in the export of chemical and pharmaceutical raw materials and 280 employees. We are all promoted on , Made in China, chemical book, Google platform.

More than ten years of export experience Specializing in the production of pharmaceutical raw materials, dybuilding products, sexual enhancement products, local anesthesia products, best-selling pharmaceutical intermediates, etc. The quality of our products has reached the international leading level. Can provide free samples to provide testing. Provide product customization services.

   We have overseas warehouses in California, New Laredo Mexico, Vancouver Canada, Amsterdam Netherlands, and Melbourne Australia. Overseas warehouses can provide some of the best-selling products. We look forward to the cooperation of local powerful distributors and factories. Deliver the package as soon as possible.
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Packing&Shipping

 

Package: foil drums/bags to pack solid.

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                We can also provide Customized service such as custom packaging.

 

Shipping :Fedex,EMS TNT UPS and so on

 Delivery time:3-7days from ship to arrive

                       5-8days by air,and 15-20days by sea.

Payment 

Western union,Bitcoin, Money gram,T/T. 

Our services:

  1.Supply top quality products with a reasonable price.

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ShanXi Leefu-Bio Technology Co.,ltd. is located in ShanXi province of China.We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Our products are produced on the basis of best technical team, advanced equipment, high qualified management which meet the requirements of security and environmental protection. Quality and service as the highest concept, continuous innovation as the driving force, our products are all over the world.We earned customer trust and created a good reputation during these years.

Q: How to start orders or make payments?
A:You can send our your Purchase order(if your company has), or just send a simple confirmation by email, and we will send you Proforma Invoice with our bank details for your confirmation, then you can make payment accordingly. for payment can also be by western union ,money gram ,bitcoin ,that is very easy

Q: How to confirm the Product Quality before placing orders?
A:You can get free samples for some products,you only need to pay the shipping cost or arrange a courier to us and take the samples. You can send us your product specifications and requests,we will manufacture the products according to your requests.

Q: What's your MOQ?
A:For the high value product, our MOQ starts from 1g and generally starts from 10gs. For other low price product, our MOQ starts from 100g and 1kg.

Q: Is there a discount?
A: Yes, for larger quantity, we always support with better price.

Q:How do you treat quality complaint?
First of all, our quality control will reduce the quality problem to near zero. If there is a quality problem caused by us, we
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A: for small order ,we ship by air express ,like Fedex, TNT,DHL,EMS ,
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